Posts Tagged TEM

MacDonald Mines Acquires Hornby Properties with promising geophysical data

Posted by AP on Tuesday, 17 August, 2010

MacDonald Mines Exploration Ltd.  announces that it has finalized an agreement to acquire 100% of the Hornby and Pender Properties, located in the “Ring of Fire” area of the James Bay Lowlands, with Temex Resources Corp. An exploration update follows the agreement details below.

The Hornby Property

MacDonald Mines Hornby Property is located contiguous to the KWG/Spider “Big Daddy” chromite deposit. The Company believes, based on a total review of its airborne survey and historical exploration data, that the Hornby Property has the potential to host the extension of the Big Daddy deposit.

The Property also exhibits prospective volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) (copper, zinc and lead) geophysical targets and is on same stratigraphy as Spider/KWG McFauld’s Lake VMS discovery. Historical drilling in the proximity of this prospective target intersected VMS mineralization.

Exploration Update

As detailed in the Company’s recent press releases, MacDonald Mines has several significant mineral opportunities across multiple properties in the James Bay Lowlands. The spring 2010 drill program consisting of 26 holes, 4,471 meters and focused on the McNugget Property and identified new VMS mineralization of substance on four fold limbs.

A summary of the highlighted drill holes reported were as follows;

Copper (Cu)

  • Hole MN10-102 intersected 1.03% over 15 metres
  • Hole MN10-111 intersected 1.04% over 5 metres
  • Hole MN10-90 intersected 1.11% over 5 metres

Zinc (Zn)

  • Hole MN10-104 intersected 3.3% over 9 metres
  • Hole MN10-106 intersected 2.55% over 4 metres
  • Hole MN10-110 intersected 2.82% over 5 metres
  • Hole MN10-102 intersected 2.5% over 3 metres
  • Hole MN10-104 intersected 2.00% Zn and 0.88% Cu over 6 metres

Silver (Ag)

  • Hole MN10-87 intersected 13.32 g/t over 5.3 metres
  • Hole MN10-94 intersected 16.56 g/t over 4 metres
  • Hole MN10-102 intersected 11.67 g/t over 3 metres
  • Hole MN10-104 intersected 11.97 g/t over 3 metres

Final assays from this last phase of drilling are pending and will be reported once they have been received and reviewed by the Company.

This large VMS system, which is open in all directions and yields VMS mineralization over a potential cumulative strike length of approximately 20 kilometres, was described by consulting geologist Hadyn R. Butler, P.Geo, as potentially being a new VMS camp.

Next Phase of Drilling to Commence Early September With 2 Drills

Crone Geophysics’ down-hole and surface EM system was employed in the previous phases of exploration, assisting in the discovery of the four VMS mineralized fold limbs, and will again be utilized for the upcoming drill program for drill target control.

The Company will continue to operate two drills for this upcoming drill program and will focus on the positive results from its successful spring 2010 drilling program on the McNugget Property.

Targeting Nickel and VMS on McNugget Property


VMS

The pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite mineralization observed in the core of the McNugget property is indicative of VMS mineralization. The pattern of chlorite and sericite alteration, coupled with varying Cu/Zn ratios and alteration index plots from available geochemistry, indicates that there are at least three separate hydrothermal discharge vents/centres found within the same stratigraphic horizon of a large fold complex (McNugget).

Sulphide mineralization observed in drill core generally appears between footwall metasediments and hangingwall felsic volcanics, a lithologic sequence indicative of a Bimodal-Siliciclastic VMS environment.

Based on alteration mineralogy, geochemical vector analysis and 3-D geophysical modelling, it appears that the significant VMS mineralization intersected to date is peripheral to the volcanic centres (sources).

The Company’s current information is pointing to the Fold Nose found on the property as the most immediate prospective appreciable VMS mineralization. A surface and airborne electromagnetic (EM) survey are currently underway on the Fold Nose – and these results will direct the drilling program.

Nickel

The highest priority nickel target on the McNugget property remains to be in the vicinity of MN07-39. A completion of the airborne magnetic and EM, and Noront Resources’ recent image of the Eagles Nest indicates that the same magnetic horizon extends from the Noront discovery through the McNugget property – adjacent to MN07-39. Prior to further drilling, this area will be investigated further using the following geophysical techniques – VTEM and AeroTEM IV, magnetics, and Crone Geophysics surface and down-hole pulse EM system.



Titan Uranium for testing geophysical signs

Posted by AP on Monday, 26 July, 2010

Rodney Koch, P. Geo, Vice-President Exploration Canada for Titan and geophysicist with rich experience in Athabasca basin has announced the new drill program on the Border Block project which is located in the southwest area of the Athabasca Basin, near the Alberta border.

The planned program consists of approximately 1,500 metres of diamond drilling to test prospective targets identified by recently completed (Spring 2010) SQUID Time Domain ElectroMagnetic (TDEM) and D.C. Resistivity surveys. D.C. Resistivity is the geophysical technique of choice in the Athabasca Basin due to its ability to image hydrothermal alteration systems, which form resistivity “chimneys”, often associated with fault zones and unconformity-type uranium deposits. The project (76,354 hectares/188,675 acres) covers an area where historic exploration data identified favourable basement rocks capable of hosting uranium mineralization.


2010 Frontier Exploration with airborne geophysics

Posted by AP on Monday, 5 July, 2010

Royal Roads Corp.

The 2010 Long Range exploration program is focussed on two areas of activity, the first being the more advanced exploration on the Portage nickel discovery and the second being frontier airborne geophysics and follow-up prospecting over the newly acquired claims recently incorporated into the Long Range property. As of June 17th, 2010, the frontier airborne geophysical surveys over the newly acquired claims was completed with results anticipated to be available in August 2010.  Once received, data will be reviewed to select targets for immediate follow-up by ground prospecting. Areas surveyed by the 1,400 line kilometre Fugro HELITEM® airborne surveys include several properties underlain by unexplored gabbro bodies recently recognized to be prospective for magmatic nickel-copper sulphide deposits. Depending on results, it is hoped that the prospecting activities will help evaluate targets for further work including testing by diamond drilling.

The Long Range property, located 64 kilometres to the southwest of Buchans, covers 381,500 hectares (381.5 km2). The exploration philosophy at Long Range is centered around the potential for discovery of a magmatic nickel sulphide deposit broadly analogous to Vale Inco’s Voisey’s Bay mine in Labrador and Kennecott’s Eagle deposit currently being developed in northern Michigan

An airborne geophysical survey flown over the initial property in 2008 detected a number of anomalies in prospective gabbro. Follow up work ultimately resulted in the discovery of the Portage Nickel prospect and the Range Copper prospect highlighted below. Additional frontier exploration is ongoing to identify new prospects in this highly prospective and un-explored region of Newfoundland.


The expanding of Geophysical Surveys at Alicia Project in Peru

Posted by AP on Thursday, 27 May, 2010

Strait Gold Corporation  reports that it is expanding geophysical surveys at its Alicia copper- gold project in Peru to determine the extent of an iron-copper skarn zone (Zone 4) where historical trenching returned 20.2 metres along strike grading 1.7% copper and 0.94 grams per tonne (g/t) gold.

The geophysical program was expanded based on observations in the field during a program of mapping and sampling that is currently under way. Potential for further iron-copper skarn mineralization has been identified to the east of Zone 4, including isolated outcrops of iron-copper skarn. Since much of this area lies below cover, a ground magnetic survey will be conducted over the potential target and an induced polarization survey will be extended to the east of Zone 4 prior to selecting drill targets.

“Zone 4 returned the best gold values on the property as well as good copper values, and if it extends to the east, it could increase the tonnage potential at Alicia significantly,” said Strait Gold President Jim Borland. “Geophysical surveys, along with the mapping and sampling programs we have been conducting to date, will allow us to pinpoint drill collars on the most prospective of several targets we have now identified on the property.”

More than three-quarters of samples at Alicia from a recent program conducted by the Company returned values greater than 1% copper (see news release of March 23, 2010). One set of samples from a new zone (the Extension Zone) returned 5.65% copper, 0.95 g/t gold, and 45.25 g/t silver over 6.0 metres and resampling of one trench (Zone 5) returned 2.35% copper, 0.38 g/t gold and 15.14 g/t silver and 0.015% molybdenum over 16.5 metres.

The Alicia project is located within the Andahuaylas-Yauri Belt, which stretches across much of southern Peru. This highly prospective belt hosts numerous porphyry and skarn deposits, including Xstrata’s Las Bambas deposit (1.1 billion tonnes grading 0.77% copper), Antapacay deposit (720 million tonnes grading 0.56% copper) and Tintaya Mine (78 million tonnes of reserves grading approximately 1.1% copper and 0.16 g/t gold).

The Company is conducting a two-phase exploration program at Alicia. Phase 1 consists of community engagement, surface mapping, sampling and geophysical surveys to identify drill targets. Phase 2 will consist of drilling to test for mineralization at depth. Baseline environmental studies and preparation of an inventory of old mine workings on the property are also being conducted as required for issuance of a drilling permit.

The geophysical surveys are being conducted by Fugro Ground Geophysics Pty. Ltd.

A ground magnetic and TEM geophysical survey was performed over the main skarn area. The results of the magnetic survey are very useful in mapping the intrusive body and indicate magnetic anomalies where no intrusive outcrop has been mapped but has been observed in the field by Strait geologists. The TEM survey produced a few wide, poorly defined anomalies at depth, some of which were drill tested with no significant results (AL-03, not assayed).


Highland Res. about the Airborne Geophysics results

Posted by AP on Thursday, 29 April, 2010

Preliminary results have been received from the AeroQuest airborne electro-magnetic and magnetic surveycommissioned in February 2010, and completed in March. The survey used AeroQuest’s helicopter borne AeroTEM IIsystem. The survey was carried out on 50 meter line spacing using a GPS navigation system with 5 meter or better accuracy, and a radar altimeter with +/- 1.5 meter accuracy. This resulted in very accurate survey positioning and detailed survey coverage.

Preliminary survey results were processed by GeoVector Management Inc. of Ottawa, and four excellent targets have been defined. These include discrete EM anomalies that could indicate massive sulphide bodies as well as structural targets for gold defined from the magnetics.

The airborne electro-magnetic and magnetic targets include:

  1. A 7 km long, intermittently conductive trend broadly coincident with base metal anomalies defined from a 1990 Asarco overburden drilling program. Asarco drilled 116 reverse circulation drill holes over a total strike length of 14 km along this trend. Heavy mineral concentrates defined in two areas of the Asarco program, approximately 2 km apart, were highly anomalous in gold (up to 6000 ppb). In addition in the same area a soil survey carried out by Kerr Addison Mines in 1984 reported scattered gold (up to 150 ppb) and copper anomalies (up to 690 ppm) over a 10 km strike length.
  2. An 8 km trend of strongly linear magnetic signature that may indicate a shear zone. This inferred shear zone (the Brennan structure), occurs over the Brennan Au showing discovered in 1936. The most recent work on the Brennan showing in 1991 exposed the zone over a strike length of 575 meters. The gold-bearing quartz vein reportedly produced a 50 lb composite bulk sample assaying 0.49 oz./ton Au. Examination of the magnetic signature suggests that the best part of this target area is along a 4 kilometre strike length west of historical work in an area of overburden cover which has not been previously prospected or trenched.
  3. A series of very intriguing discrete EM anomalies to the north of the Brennan structure. In particular one set of anomalies occur on an inferred structure that intersects the Brennan structure in the favourable area noted above.
  4. At the inferred intersection of the two structures noted above, the Brennan structure magnetic signature is disrupted and diminished in intensity amplitude. The structure begins to display EM conductors where it previously was electro-magnetically quiet. This may indicate sulphidation related to Au mineralization of the structure at this point. EM conductors appear intermittently along approximately 2 km of this area of intersecting structures.

It is anticipated that the detailed airborne survey coverage will allow targeting of future drill holes directly off the airborne survey data, thereby saving the time and expense of completing follow-up ground geophysical surveying. Current work proposals include an immediate program of reconnaissance mapping and prospecting on the promising targets defined above prior to recommendations for drill targeting. In addition a program of IP surveying on non conductive and potentially prospective segments of the Brennan structure may be required. This work will be facilitated by the excellent access to the property along Highway 801 from Highway 11. From the 801 a major logging road, The Auden Road, passes through the entire length of the property. Highland is eagerly anticipating the initial ground exploration on this promising property.


Kirrin Resources is waiting for airborne EM results

Posted by AP on Wednesday, 21 April, 2010

At the end of March Kirrin Resources Inc. announced that it has appointed Fugro Airborne Surveys Corp. of Ottawa to complete a 1,076 line-kilometre magnetic-electromagnetic (EM) airborne survey of its recently acquired Key Lake Southwest uranium property. The Key Lake SW property is located on the southeastern margin of the Athabasca Basin, about 40 km south-west of Cameco’s Key Lake uranium mill, in northern Saskatchewan, Canada.

The airborne survey will utilise Fugro’s fixed-wing Tempest(r) Digital Time Domain Electromagnetic (DTDEM) system which provides maximum quantitative discrimination of relatively near surface (upper 200 to 300 m) conductivity variations. Airborne magnetic surveys map the variation in magnetic susceptibility, which predominantly results from changes in the percentage of magnetite and some other magnetic minerals in the bedrock. The magnetic variations thus allow the mapping of differing lithologies, faults, potential alteration zones, etc. DTDEM surveys map the three-dimensional variation in conductivity that is caused by one or more of mineralogy (e.g., conductive minerals such as graphite or sulphides), intensity of alteration, water content or changes in salinity. The correlation of the magnetic responses with the EM conductive trends enables the indirect geological mapping of bedrock under overburden and possible Athabasca Basin sandstone outliers. As well, the airborne geophysical data can identify anomalies and potential geological targets that may be spatially associated with uranium deposits or alteration zones near such deposits.

Fugro will commence the survey forthwith and Kirrin anticipates receiving data within four weeks and a full analysis and interpretation about another four weeks thereafter.

The eastern margin of the Athabasca Basin is home to the most productive uranium mines in the world with roughly 25% of the world’s uranium production coming from this area. Kirrin‘s target at Key Lake SW is basement-hosted unconformity-type uranium deposits, similar to Cameco’s basement-hosted Millennium Deposit, located 65 km to the northeast.


Chilean GEODATOS has finished the TEM survey for lithium

Posted by AP on Saturday, 20 March, 2010

Salares Lithium Inc. reports the results of the first phase of a transient electromagnetic survey (“TEM”) completed on the northern portion of the Salar de la Isla. This salar is part of the Company’s Salares 7 project in Region III, Chile. The TEM survey was carried out by Geodatos SAIC (“Geodatos”) of Santiago, Chile, and was designed to define the size and extent of the brine pool within the salar. The majority of the world’s lithium production comes from salars, or salt lakes, where prospective lithium mineralization is generally hosted in brine horizons.
Salar de la Isla, which encompasses a total of 16,500 hectares, is approximately 15 kilometres (“km”) long and 6 km wide on average. The northern area surveyed and studied comprises approximately 10,750 hectares, which is approximately 65% of the areal extent of the salar. Using the results obtained from the 38.5 line km survey, Geodatos has constructed a three dimensional model of the distribution of the interpreted brine bearing horizon. Using a resistivity cut-off of 1 ohm/metre (interpreted by Geodatos as definite brine), Geodatos has calculated the brine bearing horizon within the northern portion of the salar to have a volume of 2.459 billion kilolitres (kilolitres are equivalent to cubic metres). Using a resistivity cut-off of 2 ohm/metres (interpreted by Geodatos as possible brines) the calculated volume of this horizon increases to 5.393 billion kilolitres.

A gravity survey is being initiated on Salar de la Isla as the TEM survey was unable to penetrate to the base of the salar which indicates that the salar has a depth in excess of 200 metres. There is potential for additional brine bearing horizons beyond where the TEM was able to penetrate to.

“We are excited about the volume calculation identified by Geodatos and the fact that it only accounts for the northern portion of one of the Company’s seven salars. The experience Geodatos represents regarding the TEM survey and the relationship of the correlation of 1 ohm/metre as definite brine with potential of brine up to 2 ohm/metre, is encouraging. The Company will now be required to drill/sample the extensive interpreted brine horizons before a porosity value and a resource calculation can be established”, commented Todd Hilditch, CEO of the Company.

The Company intends to complete an additional 13 kms of TEM survey lines on the southern portion of the salar to enable the entire salar to be modelled in a similar fashion. Further, some of the existing lines will be extended to completely investigate the lateral extent of the interpreted brine bearing horizon. In order to fast track the exploration program on the remaining six salars, the Company has instructed Geodatos to double the size of the geophysical crew.

The TEM survey lines for Las Parinas were extended beyond the boundaries of the salar on to areas covered by alluvial and / or volcanic material. The survey identified a continuous brine bearing horizon that extended up to 2.5 kms from the salar edge and underneath the adjacent rocks. The three survey lines averaged approximately 9 kms long each.

Using the results obtained from the 26.5 line km survey, Geodatos has constructed a three dimensional model of the distribution of the interpreted brine bearing horizon. This horizon extends from surface to a depth of 170 metres.

Using a resistivity cut-off of 1 ohm/metre (interpreted by Geodatos as probable brine), Geodatos has calculated the brine bearing horizon within the surveyed portion of the las Parinas to have a volume of 1.177 billion cubic metres. Using a resistivity cut-off of 2 ohm/metres (interpreted by Geodatos as possible brines) the calculated volume of this horizon increases to 4.009 billion cubic metres.

Management is very encouraged by these initial geophysical results and intends to commence the brine sampling program as soon as the relevant equipment can be secured and moved on-site. Results from additional TEM and gravity surveys will be released as interpreted and received from Geodatos.


13 topics on 8th International Conference of Petroleum Geophysics in Hyderabad

Posted by AP on Thursday, 11 February, 2010

1. Increasing Resolution with a New Method for Efficient Broadband Marine Acquisition and Processing Increasing Resolution with a NewMethod for Efficient Broadband MarineAcquisition and Processing. Mr. Gabriele Busanello from Schlumberger Western geco.


2. Second Generation Cableless Recording Systems and Source Controllers – The Declaration of Independence for Land Seismic Acquisition. Mr. Robert George Heath from iSeis Co.

3. Resolution enhancement of seismic data using stationary wavelet transform. Dr. Abhishek Rawat from Mindset Seismic Pvt Ltd.

4. Global 4-D seismic inversion and timelapse fluid classification. Dr. Adrain Smith. CGGVeritas – Hampson Russell.

5. Airborne Geophysics – A Fast Track Approach in Petroleum Explorations. Dr. John Joseph. UTS geophysics.

6. Dynamic modeling while acquiring seismic data. Mr. S.Murugan Pugazhanthi. ONGC,GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES,CHENNAI


7. Results from the Initial Field Trials of Borehole Gravity Meter for Mining and Geotechnical Applications. Mr. Chris Nind. Scintrex.


8. Full Azimuth Seismic Acquisition with Coil Shooting. Mr.Edward Hager. Werstern Geco.


9. A new technique for porosity determination using seismic density. Mr.Yogaxem Sharma. IIT Bombay, Mumbai


10. New 3D flattened space for seismic interpretation. Dr. Emmanuel Labrunye. Paradigm France


11. Marine Time Domai Electromagnetics. Dr. Kurt Martin Strack. KMS Technologies.


12. Full Waveform Inversion: Past, Present and Future. Dr. Satish C Singh. University of Cambridge, UK.

13. An Unconventional Future for Seismic? Dr. Romain SoubeyranCGG Veritas


Aggressive geophysical activity of Pure Nickel in Alaska

Posted by AP on Friday, 5 February, 2010

The 2009 Exploration Program at the MAN, Alaska project included a new ZTEM airborne survey (Z axis Tipper Electromagnetic system), extensive geological mapping and a proprietary fluxgate time domain ground EM surveys (full waveform streaming multi sensor fluxgate array).  The 2009 geophysical programs (ground fluxgate TEM, ZTEM, and BHEM) were considered a great success.  These very compelling geophysical targets, are the best discovered to date on the MAN property and the foundation for a productive 2010 exploration program.

3D inversions of aeromagnetic data, as well as several widely spaced deep drill holes show a consistent presence of abnormally thick ultramafic bodies with localized deep feeders. Last year’s results add to the evidence that the MAN property is the main intrusive centre for Triassic magmatism that generate the extensive nickel, copper and PGE (platinum group elements) bearing ultramafic intrusions and coeval lavas within the Alaska, Yukon and BC, segments of the Wrangelia terrain.  Drill results to date come from the holes targeted using the proprietary ground time domain EM survey (TEM), in conjunction with the new ZTEM airborne survey and previous ground gravity and VTEM airborne surveys.

Interpretation of the 2009 MAN drilling results assays indicates the presence of a disseminated NI-Cu PGE (platinum group elements) concentration build up extends beyond 600 meters in DDH PNI-09-024 and over 1000 meters in DDH PNI-09-025.  Geophysical surveys show that these conductive bodies are associated with the strongest Fluxgate TEM anomalies on the property,  in addition, strong responses to the BHEM surveys indicates late channel (high conductance channels) conductivity build up beneath the drill holes.

The surveys described below were used to model the interpretation of conductive anomalies on the property. The analysis concludes that the anomalies are deep, large and very compelling.

  1. ZTEM Survey – has for the first time identified at depth the shape structure, and conductive zones of the mafic and ultramafic intrusions.
  2. Ground TEM – proprietary long time constant, time domain electromagnetic surveys allowed for deep search (> 800 meters) for high conductance bodies commonly associated with Ni-Cu sulphides that have been missed by previous surveys methodologies.
  3. Ground and Airborne Magnetic Survey’s - these survey’s help to define the magnetic bodies below surface that often correlate to the ultramafics and mafic rocks on the property.  In addition, UBC 3D inversions and Euler 3D inversions are employed to help determine the location of the form, internal structure, and deep kneels or feeder dykes associated with the intrusive bodies.
  4. BHEM Survey – a borehole electromagnetic survey is performed down the drill hole to detect conductive anomalies within, beside and below the drill hole to aid in the correlation with the new high priority, long time constant, surface TEM survey results constraining more accurate location of the conductor.

One of the most exciting targets from the 2009 geophysical program was the identification of the location for drill-hole PNI-09-025 based on the initial results from the TEM surveys.  The hole was drilled to a depth of 1066 metres and terminated due to the limitations of the drill.  The BHEM (down hole geophysical survey) showed an increasingly large response towards an anomaly below the hole’s final depth.

Low-frequency borehole electromagnetic surveys (BHEM) were carried out in five of the 2009 drill holes, as well as seven older drill holes. A number of moderate to strong off-hole conductors were detected and are being evaluated as follow-up drill targets for the 2010 program. Three holes (07-001, 09-023 and 09-025) show anomalous increases in late time channels indicative of deep conductors below the base of the holes. These deep conductive zones correlate with high-priority long time-constant surface TEM anomalies.

Extensive geophysical work was conducted concurrent to the drilling program.  In particular, a new ground time domain EM system (full waveform streaming multisensor fluxgate array), was deployed extensively through the latter half of the exploration season.  This was the first instance of this technology being used in North American nickel exploration.  This ground based EM technology developed by Dr. Mark Shore (Magma Geosciences Inc.) provided Pure Nickel exploration team with the ability to collect low-noise late time data under challenging conditions and identify electromagnetic anomalies at greater than  800 metres depth.

Dr. Mark Shore is going to represent example of using of lower frequencies induction coil, SQUID and fluxgate sensors on the nearest PDAC in Toronto: http://www.pdac.ca/pdac/conv/2010/pdf/presentations/ts-mark-shore.pdf.


TEM geophysics program in the highest producing lithium country

Posted by AP on Wednesday, 27 January, 2010

Salares Lithium Inc.  reports the status of the first phase exploration program on its ‘Salares 7′ project in Region III, Chile. The Project encompasses 960 square km of which 394 square km are prospective for sub-surface lithium and potassium in seven salares (brine lakes).

Exploration. The first phase of the exploration programme is a 54-line kilometre Transient Electromagnetic (“TEM“) geophysical survey on the Salar de La Isla and Salar de Las Parinas. This phase is on-going with completion anticipated for early February, 2010. The TEM geophysics program will continue onto the other five salares once the survey at the Salar de La Isla and Salar de Las Parinas is completed.

The data generated by the TEM survey will define the size and extent of the brine pools within the basins and enable the individual basin profiles to be constructed. This information will be utilized in planning the sampling / drilling program expected to begin in February, 2010.

The TEM geophysics program is being carried out by Geodatos SAIC of Santiago, Chile, a well known Chilean geophysics company with broad international experience. Pertinent to the Company’s needs is that Geodatos has conducted surveys at the lithium rich Salar de Atacama, located approximately 200 kilometres north of the Project.

About TEM. TEM uses electromagnetic impulse excitation to investigate the subsurface. It is a variation of the electromagnetic method in which electric and magnetic fields are induced by transient pulses of electrical current in coils or antennas instead of by continuous current. TEM surveys have become the most popular surface EM technique used in exploration for minerals and groundwater and for environmental mapping.